The Pale Blue Dot, By Joel Achenbach - 1512 Words

People often think about how vast, or how important the Earth is, it is the domain of the human race. Where they strive to be the best, compete against others, world powers against another. But, in the vast reality of the cosmos, the Earth, is nothing more than a tiny little â€Å"pale blue dot.† Described none other than Carl Sagan, â€Å"The Pale Blue Dot,† reveals the scary reality about the placement of the human race in the â€Å"enveloping cosmic dark.† In his quote, Sagan uses pathos and logos about this reality, opening a deeper understanding that beyond the planet Earth, humans are nothing more than insignificant. He has revolutionized the way that people view our home, and the cosmos around it. Joel Achenbach starts his Smithsonian article†¦show more content†¦They also took advantage of the gravitational pull of these reducing the time and fuel to travel through the solar system, it was like a sling-shot effect. The Voyager satellites were lau nched in 1977, Voyager I mission was to study Jupiter and Saturn, and Voyager II, Uranus and Neptune. The mission brought back stunning evidence that the people behind the mission didn’t anticipate for. Io, for example, was the discovered to have massive geological activity (the only other orbiting object besides Earth). The Voyager’s recorded nine eruptions during their brief orbit (NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, News and Archives). In Carl Sagan’s show, Cosmos, he mentions that Voyager captured lightning on the dark side of Jupiter (Sagan Ep. 1). This is just one example of many scientific break throughs that the Voyagers have documented. Even up to 2012, mission control is still receiving signals from the Voyager satellites, as of August 25th, 2012, Voyager I surpassed the heliopause of the solar system (NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, News and Archives). Once the Voyagers completed their primary mission of encountering the outer gas giants, â€Å"as Voyage r I was heading toward the outer reaches of the solar system, Sagan was among those who persuaded NASA to aim the spacecraft’s camera back toward Earth, by then billions of miles away.†

Sexual Harassment Legal Memo - 3646 Words

Issues / Questions Whether or not the actions of Ms. Leslie Gonzales towards Mr. Ray Garcia establishes an act of sexual harassment. Brief Answer Yes. Ray Garcia may file a sexual harassment complaint against Leslie Gonzales. The actions of Leslie towards Ray may constitute sexual harassment based on the Sexual Harassment Act of 1995 (RA 7877) and in consonance with jurisprudence. Nevertheless, with only the statement of Ray as proof and the lack of witnesses, although the presence of witnesses is not a requisite in RA 7877, the complaint may be faced with difficulties as the burden of proof lies on the claimant. Statement of Facts Ms. Leslie Gonzales is the VP for Corporate Relations of ILA Company. Ray Garcia directly reports†¦show more content†¦Work, Education or Training-Related, Sexual Harassment Defined. - Work, education or training-related sexual harassment is committed by an employer, employee, manager, supervisor, agent of the employer, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦or any other person who, having authority, †¦.requests or otherwise requires any sexual favor from the other, regardless of whether the demand, request or requirement for submission is accepted by the object of said act. (a) In a work-related or employment environment, sexual harassment is committed when: (1) The sexual favor is made as a condition in the hiring or in the employment, re- employment or continued employment of said individual,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. or the refusal to grant the sexual favor results in limiting, segregating or classifying the employee which in any way would discrimin ate, deprive or diminish employment opportunities or otherwise adversely affect said employee; †¦xxx†¦ (3) The above acts would result in an intimidating, hostile, or offensive environment for the employee. †¦xxx†¦ Sexual harassment can also take several forms, wherein the object of attention could be at the receiving end of malicious stares, jokes, comments, notes, letters, graffiti or physical contact[2]. As summarized in Aquino vs Acosta [3] the elements of Sec 3, RA 7877 are â€Å"(a) any person that has authorityShow MoreRelatedSexual Harassment Legal Memo3639 Words   |  15 PagesIssues / Questions Whether or not the actions of Ms. Leslie Gonzales towards Mr. Ray Garcia establishes an act of sexual harassment. Brief Answer Yes. Ray Garcia may file a sexual harassment complaint against Leslie Gonzales. The actions of Leslie towards Ray may constitute sexual harassment based on the Sexual Harassment Act of 1995 (RA 7877) and in consonance with jurisprudence. 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Include in your memo any laws which apply and any precedential cases either for or against Teddys case which impact liability. Include your opinion of the worst case of damages the company may have to pay to Virginia. |    | Your Answer: | Memo to CEO: Your company is in fact in liability for negligence in protectingRead MoreCan an Employee Discriminate in the Hiring Process?1240 Words   |  5 Pagesshould an employer take to protect themselves from potential sexual harassment claims? There are multiple precautions that an employer can take in order to provide protection for themselves in the result of sexual harassment claims. 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Include in your memo any laws that apply and any precedent cases either for or against Teddys case that impact liability. Include your opinion of the worst case of damages the company may have to pay to Virginia. (Points : 30) Dear Sir, I believeRead MoreCase Study : Genius Founder Can t Lead 1744 Words   |  7 Pagespressure from the company’s investors, the resignation of Travis Kalanick - its chief executive seemed to be the enormous, ground-breaking news out of Uber after a months-long crisis involving Uber’s tough-minded culture, executive misbehavior and sexual harassment. After the latest in a series of backfires at the lucrative firm, Travis Kalanick acknowledged: â€Å"It’s time to grow up,† and that he â€Å"Will seek leadership help† (Roose, 2017). Kalanick is the name that has taken a lot of heat for his leadership

Sport Of Kings free essay sample

# 8211 ; Horse Racing Essay, Research Paper Matthew W. Ketron Eng 291-23 Prof. McElfresh December 8, 1999 The Sport of Kings Horse Racing is a competition of velocity between two or more Equus caballuss, normally Thoroughbreds, which are driven or ridden over a particular race class. It is technically termed level racing. One of the oldest known athleticss, and still popular in most states, Equus caballus racing is besides one of the most extremely organized and commercialized athleticss. Flat races are competitions of velocity between two or more saddle Equus caballuss, by and large Thoroughbreds, ridden by jockeys on specially built paths over distances from 440 paces to 2 stat mis. The athletics is termed level rushing to distinguish it from the steeplechase, which involves leaping over obstructions. To equalise the competition between Equus caballuss of a given category, each animate being is assigned a weight disability based on factors such as its age, sex, and past public presentations, and the jockey # 8217 ; s experience. Lead bars are carried in a keeping tablet under the saddle to do up the difference the assigned weight and jockey # 8217 ; s weight. The inception of level races can be traced back every bit early as 1140. The first line of a long line of male monarchs named Henry tried to better his Hobby Equus caballuss by importing Arab entires to give them more velocity and stronger power. Throughout the Crusades, from 1096 to 1270, Turkish horse Equus caballuss dominated the larger English warhorses, taking the Crusaders to purchase, gaining control or steal their portion of the entires. After the War or the Roses, which decimated England # 8217 ; s Equus caballus population, King Henry aimed to reconstruct his horse. Both the male monarch and his boy, Henry VIII, imported Equus caballuss from Italy, Spain and North Africa, and maintained their ain racing stable. Henry # 8217 ; s Hobbys, as they were called, raced against Equus caballuss owned by other aristocracy, taking the word # 8220 ; avocation # 8221 ; to intend a # 8220 ; dearly-won interest indulged in by the idle rich. # 8221 ; It besides lends credibleness to horse rushing being labeled as the Sport of Kings ( DRF Staff ) . Henry VIII focused on promoting the quality of his Equus caballuss by engendering to quality lineages and this pattern is employed to this twenty-four hours. # 8220 ; All modern Thoroughbreds have as common ascendants one or more of three entires, the Byerly Turk, the Darley Arabian, and the Godolphin Barb, which were imported into Great Britain from the Middle East and North Africa between 1689 and 1724 ( DRF Staff ) . # 8221 ; Mated with strong English female horses, they produced offspring with both velocity and endurance. Thoroughbreds that compete in organized level racing are registered in the official national he-man books of their state of birth. The British he-man book was begun in 1791. Stud records in the United States day of the month from 1873. When Equus caballuss that are intended for rushing callings are two old ages old, they begin developing that includes accepting the weight of the rider and their bids. Although most two-year-olds race, Thoroughbreds are normally in their prime between the ages of three and five, and horses up to 10s have competed successfully. Some races are for Equus caballuss of one sex merely, but most races are unfastened to entries of either sex. A female Equus caballus is known as a filly until its 5th birthday and as a female horse thenceforth. A unsexed male Equus caballus of any age is called a gelding. An ungelded male Equus caballus is known as a colt until its 5th birthday, when it is thenceforth referred to merely as a Equus caballus or a entire, irrespective of age. Champion entires are of great value to their proprietors, non merely because of their race profitss but besides because other Equus caballus proprietors and breeders pay significant amounts for the privilege of copulating their ain brood female horses with these entires. The outlook is that the progeny will go title-holders as good. The purchase monetary value of a Thoroughbred suitable for rushing or engendering intents ranges from several thousand to more than a million dollars. The gaining potency, nevertheless, for successful Thoroughbreds during and after their active racing callings is high. In 1996 Cigar broke the calling net incomes record of $ 6,679,242, set by Alysheba. Another taking money earner, John Henry, a gelding, raced through 1984 and retired at the age of nine with net incomes of $ 6,597,947. One of the highest monetary values paid for a Thoroughbred was about $ 30 million for the European title-holder Storm Bird, purchased by a mob of American breeders in 1981. # 8220 ; New entires for the twelvemonth 2000 will include Kentucky Derby/Preakness victors Silver Charm and Charismatic top the dramatis personae of new entires for 2000. However, it # 8217 ; s the grade I-winning Forestry who will hold the highest-priced stud fee of $ 50,000 # 8221 ; ( Bloodhorse Interactive ) . Unlike the tribunals or playing Fieldss used in many other athleticss, racecourses are non unvarying in building and size. # 8220 ; Major paths in the United States are ellipses runing from? stat mi to 1? of a stat mi in perimeter, composed of an outer loam or sand racing strip # 8221 ; ( Track Facts ) . Most paths besides have parallel interior grass, or sod, classs. Paths overseas are turf classs by and large triangular in form. Horses on U.S. and Canadian paths ever race in a anticlockwise way ; in the United Kingdom and elsewhere some races are anticlockwise, others are clockwise. Some paths are celebrated as the sites of specific races. Particularly good known are the three authoritative races for three-year-olds in the United States, known as the Triple Crown: the Kentucky Derby, held at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky ; the Preakness Stakes, at Pimlico, near Baltimore, Maryland ; and the Belmont Stakes, at Belmont Park in Elmont, New York, near New York City. Merely 11 Equus caballuss have been Triple Crown victors, capturing all three races in a individual twelvemonth: # 8220 ; Sir Barton ( 1919 ) , Gallant Fox ( 1930 ) , Omaha ( 1935 ) , War Admiral ( 1937 ) , Whirlaway ( 1941 ) , Count Fleet ( 1943 ) , Assault ( 1946 ) , Citation ( 1948 ) , Secretariat ( 1973 ) , Seattle Slew ( 1971 ) , and Affirmed ( 1978 ) # 8221 ; ( Churchill Downs ) . Most Pedigree races in the United States are held at distances runing from six furlongs to two stat mis. A furlong is one eighth of a stat mi. Races are classified as bets, disability, allowance, or claiming events. To equalise competition, two-year-old Equus caballuss race merely against each other, non against older Equus caballuss. Many races are restricted to merely three twelvemonth olds such as the Triple Crown. Another race limitation that is platitude is races merely for female Equus caballuss. There are basically five different types of races that prove the category of a Equus caballus. Stakes races normally involve Equus caballuss of the same age and sex, all of which are ab initio assigned the same weight. Certain tax write-offs may be made subsequently. An illustration, three-year-olds are frequently allowed to transport less weight than older Equus caballuss. Stakes races derive at that place name from the interest, or entry fee, proprietors must pay ( Turfway ) . These fees, to which the path adds a bag, or part, set up the entire sum from which value money is paid to the first, 2nd, 3rd and 4th topographic point closers. Within the bets race class there are are four sub-catagories they include: path based interest, grade three, grade two, and grade one. Rate one bets races consist of the upper echelon Equus caballuss and top bags. Handicap races are events in which Equus caballuss are assigned specific weights based upon their race records. The Equus caballus considered superior is assigned the highest weight, with the less accepted Equus caballuss having proportionally lighter disabilities. Lead bars would be placed in the keeping tablet under the saddle to weigh down the favorite Equus caballus. Weight differences of 15 to twenty lbs are platitude in these events. Entries in allowance races are judged on their past public presentations. The path functionary known as the racing secretary takes into the history the figure of races won and money earned. Allowance races typically have Equus caballuss of about the same ability matched against one another. Another similar type of race is the inaugural particular weights. Horses that have neer won a race are classified as maidens. These races consist of five to twelve non-winners bunched together to make up ones mind a first clip victor. Claiming races are an chance to sell or buy a Equus caballus. The merchandising monetary value of the entered Equus caballuss is stipulated before the race, allowing a purchaser the chance to do a claim for that sum. The purchaser takes ownership of the Equus caballus at the completion of the race, irrespective of its public presentation. If two or more interested parties claim the same Equus caballus at the same monetary value, tonss are drawn to find the winning offer. Knowing proprietors and trainers may utilize claiming races to obtain at deal monetary values Equus caballuss whose former proprietors underestimated the potency of their animate beings. The 1999 Kentucky Derby victor Charismatic prior to winning the Derby was entered in a $ 30,000 claiming race ( CD Online ) . Anyone could hold claimed Charismatic and unwittingly purchased a future Derby victor. With several different catagories and category of races, paths incorporate the types and offer nine or ten races per twenty-four hours. Most paths operate in the afternoon. Several back-to-back yearss or hebdomads of rushing at a path is called a meet. Horse races follow a purely organized process. Horses are saddled and jockeys mount in the paddock country in full position of the witnesss. Often escorted by outriders and riders on lead ponies, the Equus caballuss are lead onto the path. This journey to the gate is called the station parade. The Equus caballuss are so positioned in single stables within the get downing gate, located at the get downing line. When the field is equally aligned, the started presses a button to open the stall Gatess. Strategy is an of import portion of racing, peculiarly in competitions of a stat mi or thirster. Those Equus caballuss that possess # 8220 ; early velocity # 8221 ; are sent to the lead every bit shortly as the race begins. While jockeys on # 8220 ; come from behind # 8221 ; Equus caballuss gallop more easy at first to salvage energy for a stronger attempt in the stretch. Whether the # 8220 ; velocity # 8221 ; Equus caballuss will keep their early lead or output to the fast-closing rivals depends on the Equus caballuss # 8217 ; quality and status. Other variables known as # 8220 ; rushing fortune # 8221 ; are factors such as whether the jockeys make the right moves at the right clip. Races are examined by the path stewards and recorded on videotape. In add-on, photoelectric timers measure the taking Equus caballus # 8217 ; s clip at specific topographic points around the path and at the finish line. The record for the fastest stat mi is 1 minute 32 1/5 seconds, in 1968 by the American Equus caballus Dr. Fager ( Guinness ) . Puting a path record non merely takes a fit Equus caballus but besides a knowing jockey and trainer. Most jockeys foremost learn to manage Equus caballuss as exercising riders, siting in forenoon exercises. Jockeies are normally about 5 pess tall and weigh about 100 lbs. They begin their jockey callings as learners, having weight allowances until they have won a stipulated figure of races. Jockeies wear typical colored and patterned shirts and caps, called silks, they identify their Equus caballus # 8217 ; s proprietor, like a coat of weaponries. Every proprietor registers his silks with the Jockey Club. Even though Thoroughbred race riders are little, they have the strength and bravery necessary to steer a Equus caballus thundering down the path at top velocity. Leading jockeys have speedy physiological reactions, a finely-developed sense of timing, and above all command of rushing scheme and experience # 8220 ; a cool manus with a hot Equus caballus # 8221 ; ( Bailey ) . The technique of siting Thoroughbreds has evolved over the old ages. Jockeys sat unsloped until the terminal of the last century, when Tod Sloan developed the overdone frontward place place. Puting the rider # 8217 ; s weight over the Equus caballus # 8217 ; s centre of gravitation greatly reduces air current opposition, and more of import, keeps a rider in greater balance with a Equus caballus at high velocities ( Denman, 55 ) . To see that the Equus caballus will transport the precise assigned white, jockeys and their equipment weigh out before and weigh in after a race. Keeping a proper weight is an of import factor in a jockey # 8217 ; s life. Few weigh more than 105 lbs and those who have trouble with extra poundage must diet constantly.. Jockeies use specialised racing cogwheel. Underneath the racing silks, many jockeys wear a protective thorax defender to protect from hurt in instance of a bad luck. The rushing saddle they use is really lightweight weighing less than four lbs. The carry a whip to press the Equus caballus along. Goggless protect against clay and soil. Several jockeys have started to have on rhinal strips to guarantee proper take a breathing throughout the race. Jockeys besides receive last infinitesimal instructions from the trainer. Trainers deliberate with jockeys before a race to give instructions and program a scheme. Is the Equus caballus a favorite or a does it like to come from behind # 8221 ; Does it # 8220 ; bear in # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; float out # 8221 ; from the rail? Another of import inquiry, would be which are the velocity Equus caballuss? After the race and weigh in is completed the jockeys run away to lavish in the athletes room. They switch silks and reiterate the procedure on a nother entry. They may sit for a par ticular proprietor or accept whatever saddle horses trainers offer. Jockeies are paid a fee for each Equus caballus they ride every bit good as a per centum of the bags their saddle horses win. Racing is a really carefully supervised athletics. The pull offing organic structure of British racing is the Jockey Club of Great Britain. The Jockey Club through its office in Lexington, Kentucky, handles the enrollment of all North American Thoroughbreds. The Thoroughbred Racing Associations and the Racing Commissioners International are of import rushing organic structures. In add-on to Jockey Club enrollment processs, racecourse functionaries identify each Equus caballus before every race and behavior trials to observe the presence of medicine or drugs that might impact the race # 8217 ; s result. Videotape records of the race # 8217 ; s advancement, while a high-velocity camera at the finish line determines near results. Stewards stand foring the Jockey Club and the province rushing committees can unfit Equus caballuss and punish jockeys for such misdemeanors as intervention and unsafe equitation. Horse racing is the 2nd most widely attended U.S. witness athletics, after baseball. # 8220 ; In 1997, 56,194,565 people attended 8,004 yearss of racing, beting $ 9.14 billion # 8221 ; ( YouBet.com ) . Betting is an of import component in the popularity of Equus caballus racing. At different times # 8220 ; four chief types of wagering have been popular: simple betting between persons ; sweepstakes wagering, in which big entry fees are pooled and awarded to the victors ; bookmaking, in which speculators offer odds against each Equus caballus and accept stakes against their anticipations ; and pari-mutual betting, which is the most widespread system used at the major American paths # 8221 ; ( Betmaker.com ) . The appellation pari-mutuel is a Gallic phrase translated as # 8220 ; wagering among ourselves. # 8221 ; Under the pari-mutual system, which was developed in France during the 1860s, the wagering odds on a given Equus caballus are derived from a comparing between the entire sum wagered on the Equus caballus and the entire wagered on all the Equus caballuss in the race. The odds are automatically computed by a device called a pari-mutuel machine, which posts them on a lit carryall board clearly seeable to witnesss ( Betmaker.com ) . Oddss are recomputed at about one-minute intervals until station clip, when all stakes must be placed and the pari-mutuel machines are locked. Wining tickets are cashed after the race # 8217 ; s consequences have been declared official, by which clip computing machines have determined the final payments. Pari-mutuel betters can bet that a Equus caballus will win ( complete foremost ) , topographic point ( finish foremost or 2nd ) , or show ( finish foremost, 2nd, or 3rd ) . In the event that two or more Equus caballuss are entered by the same proprietor or trainer, they are coupled in the wagering as an entry. In this state of affairs a stake on one of these Equus caballuss is a stake on all of them. Alien beting involves more than one Equus caballus. Such combinations include the day-to-day two-base hit, in which the better must foretell the victors of two back-to-back races, normally the first two and last two races of the twenty-four hours. An utmost fluctuation of the day-to-day two-base hit is the pick 3 or pick 6. In which betters must choose the victors of 3 or 6 back-to-back races. In instances that no 1 selected all 6 victors a solace wage out for five victors is distributed and a carryover is left for the following twenty-four hours of rushing. To win a quinella or perfecta box, the better must foretell the first two closers in a individual race without respect to the order in which they finish. To win an perfecta, the better must stipulate the exact order in which the first two Equus caballuss in a race will complete. Such involved beting about ever outputs higher final payments than typical win-place-show bets. Off-track betting ( OTB ) is turning in popularity throughout the United States. OTB installations offer an option to beting at racecourses. Bettors can put bets and watch the races via orbiter broadcast. The OTB installations are chiefly placed in countries where race paths are few and far between. Simulcasting, in which unrecorded races are televised at assorted racecourses around the state via orbiter, is going really of import in U.S. racing. It allows betters to bet on stakes-quality Equus caballuss, since simulcasts by and large are reserved for the best races available. An illustration, betters can bet on the Kentucky Derby around the universe through simulcasting, non merely at Churchill Downs. At many U.S. racecourses, whole cards of races from other locations are simulcast, both when the racecourse is besides running unrecorded racing and when there is no unrecorded racing scheduled. Some paths simulcast the races from up to eight different racecourses at the same clip. # 8220 ; Get downing in the 1970s, away path betting and simulcasting became progressively prevailing in the United States. By 1993 beting via simulcasting accounted for more than 40 per centum of all wagering conducted at racecourses in the United States # 8221 ; ( Betmaker.com ) . The Kentucky Derby and the Breeders # 8217 ; Cup are the two most popular races and are offered through simulcasting. The Kentucky Derby stands as the oldest, consecutively held Thoroughbred race in America. The first Kentucky Derby was held May 17, 1875, as a crowd estimated at 10,000 from around the metropolis, province and environing countries converged on the Jockey Club grounds. A field of 15 three-year-olds went postward for the 1 1/2 stat mi competition which was won by H.P. McGrath # 8217 ; s Aristides, trained by Ansel Williamson and ridden by the popular Afro-american rider, Oliver Lewis ( Martin,124 ) Of that twenty-four hours # 8217 ; s 15 jockeys, 14 were Afro-american. Although the first Derby was held at 1 1/2 stat mis, the distance was changed to the current 1 1/4 stat mis in 1896. # 8220 ; In 1945, a wartime prohibition on rushing threatened to call off the Derby. Following VE twenty-four hours, a authorities proclamation on May 8 lifted the prohibition and the 71st Derby was held June 9 that twelvemonth # 8221 ; ( Martin, 126 ) . The Breeders # 8217 ; Cup started in 1984. It incorporates seven title races in one action packed twenty-four hours. It is known through the rushing community as Thoroughbred rushing # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; Super Bowl. # 8221 ; It is held at varioius racecourses around the state each autumn, the Breeders # 8217 ; Cup brings together racings finest Equus caballuss to vie for more than 10 million dollars in bags. The Breeders # 8217 ; Cup is frequently the finding factor in divisional titles and the Horse of the Year. The Breeders # 8217 ; Cup consists of eight races based on assorted distance, sex and age limitations. The two million dollar Breeders # 8217 ; Cup Distaff is race for three twelvemonth olds and up, fillies and female horses, rushing a stat mi and an 8th. There are two juvenile races one for fillies and for colts or geldings. The distance for both races is one stat mi and a sixteenth. The bags on the Juvenile races are one million dollars each. The Mile is for all Equ us caballuss three old ages old and up, rushing one stat mi on the sod for one million dollars. The Dash is six furlongs for all Equus caballuss three twelvemonth olds and up for one million dollars. The Turf is the longest of the races and is unfastened for all three twelvemonth olds and up. It is a stat mi and one half on the sod for two million dollars. The biggest bag belongs to the most esteemed race of the Breeders # 8217 ; Cup, the Classic. Three twelvemonth olds and up run one stat mi and a one-fourth for four million dollars. Of the seven Breeders # 8217 ; Cup races, the one most thirstily watched with an oculus towards the hereafter is the Juvenile ( G1 ) . Amazingly plenty, nevertheless, the consequences of the Juvenile are every bit good an index of who non to wager in the following twelvemonth # 8217 ; s classics instead than who to wager. In an epoch where holding the Kentucky Derby favourite is a certain manner non to win the Run for the Roses, the Breeders # 8217 ; Cup Juvenile has become ill-famed for the failure of its victors to travel on to greater things at three. Ironically, the first running of the Juvenile in 1984 was as good a signifier usher as any race for the `85 classics. While victor Chief # 8217 ; s Crown failed as the favourite in all three Triple Crown races ( 2nd in the Preakness Stakes [ G1 ] , 3rd in the Kentucky Derby [ G1 ] and Belmont Stakes [ G1 ] ) , runner-up Tank # 8217 ; s Prospect won the Preakness and third-place closer Spend a Buck went on to win the Kentucky Der by and Horse of the Year awards in 1985. The first Juvenile, the first race tally in Breeders # 8217 ; Cup history, seemed to set up the race as a precursor for authoritative success the undermentioned twelvemonth. However after the successful first twelvemonth the Juvenile victors had a tough clip in the Triple Crown Classic races. The 1985 victor, Tasso, did non vie in the Triple Crown the following twelvemonth, nor did any of the other entries that twelvemonth have a important impact on the classics. The 1986 Juvenile proved to be the most star-studded of Breeders # 8217 ; Cup history, with Kentucky Derby and Preakness victor Alysheba completing 3rd, Belmont victor Bet Twice 4th, and major bets victors Gulch, Demons Begone and Polish Navy make fulling the musca volitanss instantly behind that couple. In a foreboding mark for Juvenile victors, nevertheless, 1986 victor Capote failed to develop on and was 0-for-6 as a three-year-old. A form had been set in the Juvenile, as one victor after another failed to do an feeling on the classics the following twelvemonth. Success Express, like Capote trained by D. Wayne Lukas, won the `87 Juvenile. And, like Capote, he neer won another race, traveling 0-for-9 at three. D. Wayne Lukas was back once more in 1988, playing the spoiler # 8217 ; s function this clip as Is It True disquieted 3-to-10 favourite Easy Goer over a boggy path at Churchill Downs. Easy Goer would demo his antipathy for the Churchill mud the following twelvemonth in losing the Kentucky Derby to Sunday Silence, while Is It True would lose the classics in `89. Rhythm continued the form in 1989, winning the Juvenile, so jumping the `90 classics, though he did win the Travers Stakes ( G1 ) later that twelvemonth. Fly So Free, the `90 victor, was still around for the Derby the following twelvemonth, but finished off-the-board. In 1991, Arazi put on one of the most eye-popping shows in Breeders # 8217 ; Cup history, winging in from France with a exalted repute and populating up to it, frolicing place a five-length victor over Bertrando. Seven months subsequently, nevertheless, Arazi would complete eighth as the odds-on pick in the Derby as the Juvenile expletive struck down another Juvenile-winning title-holder. Consistency has been the trademark of the Juvenile expletive, as Aureate Time ( 1992 ) missed the Triple Crown with hurt and Brocco ( `93 ) won merely one time more after the Juvenile. The Juvenile eventually produced a victor capable of authoritative success in 1994, when Timber Country took the Juvenile, so went on to win the Preakness. But as an ugly reminder of how powerful the expletive is, unwellness and hurt struck down the boy of Woodman, who neer ran once more after the Preakness. Unbridled # 8217 ; s Song appeared a superhorse in the devising when he won the 1995 reclamation. But a broken bone ruined his Kentucky Derby opportunities and he finished fifth. The expletive appeared stronger than of all time following the 1996 running. Boston Harbor led all the manner to win that twelvemonth # 8217 ; s Juvenile, but merely raced one time more as a break in his leg ended his calling. The 1997 reclamation featured Horse of the Year-to be Favorite Trick, who capped an 8-for-8 two-year-old season with a 5 1/2-length victory over Dawson # 8217 ; s Legacy. The 1999 race was won by Anees a colt by Unbridled. Anees is the 2nd foal by Unbridled to win the Breeders # 8217 ; Cup Juvenile ( Breeders Cup Limited Online ) . Can Anees travel on to win the Kentucky Derby following May? Lone clip will state. The exhilaration from watching a Equus caballus in the Breeders # 8217 ; Cup Juvenile progress forward towards the Kentucky Derby and Triple Crown may lure fans to follow the athletics. Wining on a two dollar win bet may excite fans and promote more excursions to the local racecourse. Fans may be interested in watching jockeys clip and pull strings the Equus caballuss to clip their charge for the finish line. With so many variables the precise ground for the success of Equus caballus racing is difficult to find. Fans have supported the athletics for centuries and all marks point to a bright hereafter into the new millenium. Bailey, Jerry. Jockey Interview. www.athletesdirect.com Archive Interviews. Bloodhorse Interactive. www.bloodhorse.com Visited Site Oct. 7, 1999. Betmaker.Com. Foundation of Wagering. www.betmaker.com.Visited Site Oct 6, 1999. Breeders Cup Limited Online. www.breederscup.com Visited Site Oct 6, 1999. Cadmium Online. www.churchilldowns.com Visited Site Oct. 6, 1999. Churchill Downs. Churchill Downs Daily Program. July 24, 1999. Denman, Trevor. # 8220 ; Evolution of Riding # 8221 ; Excerpt Daily Racing Form Vol. 189 Issue 7. DRF Staff. Establishing Fathers: King Henry. Daily Rushing Form Vol.189 Issue 7. Guinness World of Records. www.guinness.dk Oct.18, 1999. Martin, Michael G. The Kentucky Derby. Message Board of www.churchilldowns.com Path Facts. Track Facts. Pamphlet distributed at Turfway Park.Nov.18, 1999. Turfway. Turfway Park: Beginner Bettor Pamphlet. Nov 18, 1999. Youbet.com. FAQs. www.youbet.com Oct. 6, 1999.

Human Skills in an Organization Click Now to get Solution

Question: Select one of the following paired areas associated with part 2 of the Human Dimension of the programme. Using theories and models (not Mazlow) from your research critically appraise and evaluate their relationship to Organisational Behaviour. Analyse the impact that your selected topic will have on an employees's motivation at work (include a relevant motivation model or theory). Answer: Introduction: This assignment deals with the theories and concepts of organizational behavior in an organization. For the first step of this assignment, I have chosen personality and individual differences. In this assignment, I also investigate the effect of personal as well as individual differences in the behavior of an organization. For completing the whole project, I have collected data from different scholarly journals from active secondary sources. I have reviewed the selected journals for the purpose of this assignment. I have chosen this topic of personality and individual difference as this topic is very relevant for today. Every person is different from each other regarding his mind and persona ability. However, today with the growing phase of international business everyone is seeking towards a more enhanced multicultural workforce. Therefore, this concept can help while understanding the aspect of managing the behavior of many people within an organization. Personality and individual differences: As discussed by Wood et al. (2012), organizational behavior is considered as the field of study that incorporates human skills of the organization. Organizational behavior includes the study of individual, organizations and groups to improve the level of performance. A manager should always focus on the aspect of effective organizational behavior. An experienced manager should concentrate on the fundamental aspect of human behavior to operate the successful organization. Personality and individual difference is crucial as well as a significant aspect of organizational behavior. Personality refers to the unique stable pattern of human behavior, emotions, and thoughts or feeling. Every individual has its different style of identification. Everyone has its personal brand. As stated by Jiang et al. (2012), the aspect of job satisfaction always depends on personality traits of a human being. Some people can be satisfied with the current nature of a job. There are also some people who can never be pleased with the job in any circumstances. On the other hand, Goetsch and Davis (2014) argued that there are some important fundamentals of personality and organization. Attraction selection attrition cycle describes that the interaction personality organization is very particular. Organization eventually can become homogenous for the purpose of management. Personality can be less dominant within tight situations in rule-based or structured society. On the other hand, in a loosely structured organization, a character can be more dominant in the weak position. There are bases of personality for a human being. Genetic and social components are the essential elements of a character of every human being. An individual is different from each other by his/her character or ability. Every human being is different due to the genetic or social circumstances also. In the perspective of effective organizational behavior, the ability is also an important attribute for a person. Ability is considered as the capacity of carrying the set of mental sequences or behavioral sequences to produce a useful result. There are different types of knowledge; those are emotional, cognitive, psychomotor and perceptual. An effective manager should recognize or consider the individual differences to promote particular culture or behavior within the organization (Miner 2015). Theories: Personality and individual difference is the branch of psychology. Every person is different from each other due to some psychological factors. Personality can be described as dynamic and organized set of characteristics of a person. The personality of an individual can influence the environment, emotion, motivation, behavior and cognition within different situations. Type theory or the Personality Type Theory is very relevant to judge the individual difference and character of a person (Arthaud-Day et al. 2012). Psychological Type theory refers to the psychological classification of different kinds of people. One can distinguish personality types of a person through various traits of character. According to the Type theory, there are two kinds of people in the society. One is introvert, and other is extrovert. The Trait theory refers to the aspect where extraversion and introversion can be considered as the part of a continuous dimension of many people. Personality typology states that the behavior of every person is related to the term of opposite and individual characteristics. In the aspect of personality type theory, Meyer Friedman and his co-workers invented the Type A and Type B personality theory (Robbins et al. 2013). They considered the Type A and Type B as two patterns of individual differences and personality. Type A personality always remains hard-working and takes high risks. On the other hand, Type B people remain relaxed, less competitive as well as lower risk. This theory also states that there are always many people who are the mixture of A and B types of personality. In this respect, MyersBriggs Type Indicator is also a relevant model for knowing the difference in the character of a person. This model demonstrates knowledge of different factors of personality that can be useful to learn the types of a character of an individual. This model is being used to test personality type of an individual. Models: The Five Factor model is a very relevant example in the aspect of personality and organizational behavior. The purposeful behavior of work integrates higher order implicit goal with different principles of Five Factor Model of personality. This model also helps to expand the job characteristics model to explain the effect of personality traits on the outcome of work. Five- Factors Model is considered as a psychological model of personality. Various psychologists have categorized different systems for the differentiating personality of every individual. These five factors help to classify unique personality of an individual. These five factors personality traits are related to the emergence of leadership within the organization (Wagner and Hollenbeck 2014). In the aspect of organizational behavior, big five personality traits are considered as compelling elements. Five-Factor model of personality can be viewed as personality traits of hierarchical organization. Personality traits are included with five dimensions. The five dimensions are Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Openness to Experience and Neuroticism. These factors are involved in the aspect of the effective behavior of an organization. Every human being has these five traits of personality. Therefore, every company should consider these factors while creating environment and culture for the organization. Openness: This personality trait shows originality and individuality in every situation. They seek to provide the creativity. They also take keen interest to try new things. They can also emerge as an effective leader in a position of leadership. Conscientiousness: According to Wright et al. (2012), this personality trait is also related to the aspect of leadership within an organization. Conscientiousness people stay organized within different situations of leadership. Conscientiousness seeks to take initiative and responsibility within the group. These types of people also emerge as leaders. They are very effective in the role of leaders. Extraversion: It can be stated that extroverts are energetic as well as assertive and socially active. Extraverts enjoy interacting with other people within the social environment. Extroverts also demonstrate self-confidence in different situations. Extraversion can be related to the aspect of leadership. The employee always accepts an extravert leader. Extroverts are both sociable and dominant within the business environment. Extraverts can emerge as an effective leader in the wide variety of situations (Cerasoli et al. 2014). Agreeableness: It is a positive trait when consensus is critical. This character is active when shared decision is rewarded. On the other hand, Michel et al. (2013) stated that Agreeableness can become the obstruction when the critical success factor of the particular organization is competition. However, an effective manager should be able to use extraversion and agreeableness both to make the cohesive team in the group. The leader can make strong relationship within the team of the organization. Neuroticism: It refers to the extent of the emotional ability of a human being. It refers to the leader who is anxious, moody and temperamental (Bell 2013). From many types of research, it can be stated that extraversion and conscientiousness are two useful personality traits those can be related to leadership. Extravert personality can provide better guidance to the members of a team. Relationship of personality and individual differences with organizational behavior: As stated by Mitchell et al. (2012), every person is different from each other using his/her personality. Human behavior is a very complex phenomenon. Therefore, it is a challenge to every organization to match every task with the subordinate employee to the manager of the group. Every human being is the practical as well as the valuable resource for each cluster. Every manager should consider the internal as well as external stimuli of the unconscious mind of every human being (Parker 2014). Every company should examine the theories of organizational behavior while managing the group of employee within a particular organization. There are relevant theories of organizational behavior. Taylor has proposed the theory of scientific management that discusses the development of rational methods to increase the productivity. According to the great management thinker Henry Fayol, there should be certain principles of management while operating an organization. His view is related to the aspect of administrative management (Shafritz et al. 2015). In the current section of control, McGregor has explained modern theories of behavior. McGregor has developed the assumption of theory X and theory Y (Kopelman et al. 2008). Employee motivation: Employee motivation is considered as the level of energy, creativity and commitment of an employee while completing his/her work. Employee motivation is also considered as the standard of productivity of every employee. With the changing phase of an economy, every business industry has engaged in competition. However, maintaining the motivation among the employees is always remained a concern of management of an organization. Every employee should get the motivation to continue his/her job in an organization. However, management should always consider the demand or requirement of employees of an organization (Locke and Latham 2013). On the other hand, Mischel (2013) stated that employee motivation is the aspect of encouragement. There are different factors those affect the motivation of employees within the organization. Motivation is considered as the internal drive of an employee. The motivation of an individual is influenced by intellectual, social, emotional and biological factors. Management should provide many activities those will motivate the employees within the organization. As discussed by Costa and McCrae (2013), there are some effective factors those can motivate workers who are present within the organization. Many employees find these below mentioned factors as motivating aspect of business. The action as well as decision of leadership and management can empower the workers Regular and clarified communication with different employees can also motivate the highest number of workers in the organization Management should put respect and dignity to the employee Managers should provide regular recognition to every workers Reward, benefits and compensation must be provided from the HR department of an organization Managers should provide enthusiasm to the workers which enable them to give best productivity to the organization () Impact of personality and individual differences on employee motivation: Motivation can depend on the aspect of individual differences of every person. As discussed by Cooper (2015), motivation is the link between knowing and doing the work. The level of motivation depends on the personality of a person. Motivation is the vital link between thinking and action as well as performance and competence. It is the duty of an employer to motivate the employees while producing active service of the company. The essential aspect of motivation is involved within intensity, direction as well as the duration of behavior. However, the mind and psychology of every individual are different from each other. Therefore, there is a situational constraint for every person. However, the individual difference has played a useful role in achieving the extraordinary level of motivation. The individual difference also plays a useful role to avail different types of job in the market (Verhulst et al. 2012). On the other hand, Verhulst et al. (2012) stated that maintaining the high level of motivation among the employees is considered as the duty of an employer or manager. A manager or a company also holds the different view of work. There are different types of managers who see employees as the valuable resource of the enterprise. Therefore, they always seek to provide various factors of motivation for the employees. On the other hand, many managers think that profit is the only thing that should be always maintained by a business organization. As stated by Muscanell and Guadagno (2012), it has been found in history that sometime manager and a leader does not hesitate to terminate employees for achieving more profit in turmoil situation of the business. Personal behavior, as well as individual difference, plays a significant role in motivating the employees of an organization. Management of an organization is involved with four respective functions; those are the attainment of a goal, decision making, group maintenance, and integration. The effectiveness of leadership can be measured by the aspect of motivating the behavior of every worker of the organization. A leader can avail constitutional process, involved process as well as identification of goal while motivating the employees of the organization. Individual difference helps to gain different types of self-concept for each person (Hirsh et al. 2012). Motivation theories: There are various theories of Human Resource Management those explains the factors and related things of motivation among the employees of an organization. Maslows hierarchy of needs, Herzbergs two-factor theory, Lockes Goal theory and Vrooms Expectancy theories are the valid theories of motivation (Trull et al. 2014). Herzbergs Two-factor theory: In the context of personality and individual differences, the theory of Herzberg is the most significant as well as a relevant theory of motivation. Fredrick Herzberg has developed Two-factor theory of motivation that is based on satisfaction and dissatisfaction of every individual while doing the job in the organization. The aspect of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction depends on different persons. These can be helpful in determining the individual traits of job satisfaction. The aspect of job dissatisfaction is influenced by various hygiene factors of an organization. The condition of work, relation with the co worker, rules and policies, quality of supervisor, base wage and salary are the factors of job dissatisfaction. On the other hand, there are other factors those affect the aspect of job satisfaction among the employees of the organization. Achievement, responsibility, recognition, work, advancement and personal growth are related to the aspect of job satisfaction among the workers of a business organization (Cooper 2015). According to the Two factor theory, some possible combinations can become the ideal situations for every employee. High hygiene and high motivation can become the ideal situation where employees should be highly motivated. In this context, employees have few complaints. On the other hand, the combination of high hygiene and low motivation refers to the situation where every employee has few complaints. In this context, employees are not highly motivated by the management of the organization (Robbins et al. 2013). On the other hand, in the combination of low hygiene and high motivation, employees can be motivated by the management. In this context, the workers have many complains also. This context refers to the aspect where the job is challenging but the work condition and salaries or mental hygiene are not suitable for working in the organization. The context of low hygiene and low motivation refer to the worst situation of management. In this situation, employees have many complains and they are not been motivated by the management. In this context, employees cannot work effectively. This situation is harmful for the total productivity as well as quality of an organization (Antonakis et al. 2012). However, in this aspect, personality and individual differences matter for the overall management approach of an organization. A person who likes to work in low motivational place can work in many situations. The aspect of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction are also related to the personality as well as ability and differences of every individual person. Management cannot provide the level of satisfaction for some people due to individual differences of those people. However, the factor of job satisfaction is solely related to the different personality of individual person (Verhulst et al. 2012). McGregors Theory X and Theory Y: Theory X and theory Y is considered as one of the important theories of human motivation and management. The factors of this theory are associated with the differences of personality and ability of different human beings. This theory has discussed two contrasting models of motivation and management. Theory X stresses on the importance of external penalties and rewards as well as supervision or control of the management. On the other hand, Theory Y helps to highlight the motivating role of job satisfaction that allows the workers to approach the task more effectively and creatively. As discussed by Jonassen and Grabowski (2012), theory X is considered as the authoritarian management style. Theory X considers that average person dislike work. Average person seeks to avoid his/her work as much as he/she can. This tendency of people is related to the aspect of individual differences and personality. In this context, it can be stated that average person is being forced to provide productive work. According to the average personality of human being, an employee must be forced with the threat of punishment in the organization. They tend to work according to the objective of the organization. On the other hand, Ackerman (2014) stated that personality of average people is willing to be directed under the guidance of manager or supervisor. Average people want to be directed by the management. They seek to avoid prior responsibility while working in any organization. They want proper security while working in an organization. On the other hand, Nisbett et al. (2012) argued that theory Y can be considered as participative management style. People often seek to apply self direction and self control without any external control of punishment or threat. A worker who is committed towards the objective of the organization can achieve rewards for his job. However, this theory has provided effective information and discussion regarding the psychological factor of doing job. X and Y theory of motivation provides assumptions regarding the potential of man. This theory also discusses the factors those should be recognized by every business organization. Conclusion: From the above study, it can be concluded that individual difference and personality can influence the behavior of a person. A person can be motivated through many factors of an organization. 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